Each chapter keeps explanations, definitions and exam advice together—without mixing in quizzes or practice questions.
CHAPTER 1
Data representation
Convert binary and hexadecimal and understand images, sound, compression and data storage.
Show place values when converting binary to avoid simple errors.
CHAPTER 2
Data transmission
Explain packets, methods of transmission, error checking, encryption and protocols.
Parity can detect some errors but cannot correct the changed bit.
CHAPTER 3
Hardware
Connect CPU architecture, input and output devices, storage and network hardware.
RAM is volatile; secondary storage keeps data without power.
CHAPTER 4
Software and the internet
Compare system and application software and understand web technologies and security.
The internet is infrastructure; the web is one service using it.
CHAPTER 5
Automated systems
Describe sensors, processors, actuators, robotics and artificial intelligence applications.
A sensor measures a physical property; an actuator creates an output action.
CHAPTER 6
Algorithm design
Use decomposition, flowcharts, pseudocode, validation, testing and standard algorithms.
Trace every variable after each statement, not only after each loop.
CHAPTER 7
Programming
Build programs with variables, selection, iteration, arrays, files, procedures and functions.
Choose meaningful identifiers and keep each module focused on one task.
CHAPTER 8
Databases and Boolean logic
Design databases, write queries and simplify logic expressions and circuits.
A primary key must identify each record uniquely.